friend.

Dances with Wolves last scene…

* * *

 

story.

“Take someone who doesn’t keep score, who’s not looking to be richer, or afraid of losing, who has not the slightest interest even in his own personality: He’s free.” – Rumi

* * *

Canyonlands

http://delcotopten.blogspot.com/2011/06/top-10-national-parks-are-free-today.html

* * *

“Remember only this one thing,” said Badger. “The stories people tell have a way of taking care of them.  If stories come to you, care for them.  And learn to give them away where they are needed.  Sometimes a person needs a story more than food to stay alive.” -Barry Lopez

* * *

wish.

“What is Christmas? It is tenderness for the past, courage for the present, hope for the future. It is a fervent wish that every cup may overflow with blessings rich and eternal, and that every path may lead to peace.”  – Agnes M. Pahro

* * *

Snow moon

http://jima828.blogspot.com/2011/02/snow-moon.html

* * *

“Christmas is not a time nor a season, but a state of mind. To cherish peace and goodwill, to be plenteous in mercy, is to have the real spirit of Christmas.”  – Calvin Coolidge

* * *

Bryce Zion stars

http://www.bishoppeakgroup.net/Landscape%20Images/Arizona-Utah%20Parks/bryce_zion_2010.htm

* * *

“Christmas Eve was a night of song that wrapped itself about you like a shawl. But it warmed more than your body. It warmed your heart… filled it, too, with a melody that would last forever. Even though you grew up and found you could never quite bring back the magic feeling of this night, the melody would stay in your heart always – a song for all the years.”  – Beth Streeter Aldrich

* * *

Zion snow

http://www.bishoppeakgroup.net/Landscape%20Images/Arizona-Utah%20Parks/bryce_zion_2010.htm

* * *

“Christmas is the keeping-place for memories of our innocence.”  – Joan Mills

* * *

Bryce tree fog

http://www.bishoppeakgroup.net/Landscape%20Images/Arizona-Utah%20Parks/bryce_zion_2010.htm

* * *

“It’s been my experience that most folk who ride trains could care less where they’re going. For them it’s the journey itself and the people they meet along the way. You see, at every stop this train makes, a little bit of America, a little bit of your country, gets on and says hello. That’s why trains are so popular at Christmas. People get on to meet their country over the holidays. They’re looking for some friendship, a warm body to talk to. People don’t rush on a train, because that’s not what trains are for. How do you put a dollar value on that? What accounting line does that go on?”  – David Baldacci, “The Christmas Train”

* * *

 

Bryce

http://www.bishoppeakgroup.net/Landscape%20Images/Arizona-Utah%20Parks/bryce_zion_2010.htm

* * *

“This Christmas mend a quarrel. Seek out a forgotten friend. Dismiss suspicion and replace it with trust. Write a letter. Give a soft answer. Encourage youth. Manifest your loyalty in word and deed. Keep a promise. Forgo a grudge. Forgive an enemy. Apologize. Try to understand. Examine your demands on others. Think first of someone else. Be kind. Be gentle. Laugh a little more. Express your gratitude. Welcome a stranger. Gladden the heart of a child. Take pleasure in the beauty and wonder of the earth. Speak your love, and then speak it again.”  – Howard W. Hunter

* * *

snowy utah mountains

http://optimisticarmywife.blogspot.com/2010_11_01_archive.html

* * *

“…freshly cut Christmas trees smelling of stars and snow and pine resin – inhale deeply and fill your soul with wintry night…”  – John Geddes

* * *

Zion

http://www.thespectrum.com/article/20131205/OUTDOORS/312050013/Snow-makes-Zion-even-more-magical

* * *

“What is the spirit of Christmas, you ask?  Let me give you the answer in a true story…
On a cold day in December, feeling especially warm in my heart for no other reason than it was the holiday season, I walked through the store sporting a big grin on my face.  Though most people were far too busy going about their business to notice me, one elderly gentleman in a wheelchair brought his eyes up to meet mine as we neared each other traveling opposite directions.  He slowed in passing just long enough to speak to me.
“Now that’s a Christmas smile if I ever saw one,” he said.
My lips stretched to their limit in response, and I thanked him for the compliment.  Then we went our separate ways. But, as I thought about the man and how sweetly he’d touched me, I realized something simply wonderful!  In that brief, passing interaction we’d exchanged heartfelt gifts!
And that, my friend, is the spirit of Christ~mas. ”  – Richelle E. Goodrich

* * *

good deed for good red road.

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/17/arts/design/secret-bids-guide-hopi-indians-spirits-home.html?emc=eta1

December 16, 2013

 Secret Bids Guide Hopi Indians’ Spirits Home

By TOM MASHBERG

The auction in Paris was set to move briskly, at about two items a minute; the room was hot and crowded, buzzing with reporters.

More than 100 American Indian artifacts were about to go on sale at the Drouot auction house, including 24 pieces, resembling masks, that are held sacred by the Hopi of Arizona. The tribe, United States officials and others had tried unsuccessfully to block the sale in a French court, arguing that the items were religious objects that had been stolen many years ago.

Now the Annenberg Foundation decided to get involved from its offices in Los Angeles. It hoped to buy all of the Hopi artifacts, plus three more sought by the San Carlos Apaches, at the Dec. 9 sale and return them to the tribes. To prevent prices from rising, the foundation kept its plan a secret, even from the Hopis, in part to protect the tribe from potential disappointment. Given the nine-hour time difference, the foundation put together a team that could work well into the night, bidding by phone in the auction in France.

The foundation had never done something like this before — a repatriation effort — and the logistics were tricky, to say the least.

Two staff members in Los Angeles, one a French speaker, were assigned to the job. The foundation also quietly arranged for a Paris lawyer, Pierre Servan-Schreiber, who had represented the Hopi pro bono in the court proceeding, to serve as lookout in the auction room.

He stood in the back, on the phone to the foundation. Whispering updates to him was Philip J. Breeden, a cultural attaché from the United States Embassy.

“It was intense, like a movie,” Mr. Servan-Schreiber said.

But camouflaging the role of the foundation was crucial.

“I knew nothing good would come out of it if the house knew there were people out to get the whole thing,” he said. “I was sure that would jack up the prices.”

The sale had been assembled by the auction house EVE with pieces from a variety of American tribes that were held by a number of French collectors, all of whom said they had owned the items for many years and had good title to them. Several collectors said they had been impressed by prices realized at an April auction of 70 Hopi artifacts.

The tribe had been angered by the earlier sale as well, which like this auction featured vibrantly decorated Hopi headdresses, known as Katsinam. The tribe, which had gone to court to block both sales, believes the items are not simply religious, but living entities with divine spirits.

Gregory Annenberg Weingarten, vice president and director of the foundation who lives in Paris, had followed the legal battle in the French news media. After the Hopi lost in court on Dec. 6, he went to the auction house to preview the artifacts, all of which are more than a century old.

“These are not trophies to have on one’s mantel,” Mr. Weingarten would say later. “They are truly sacred works for the Native Americans. They do not belong in auction houses or private collections.”

Mr. Weingarten had his California staff tally the presale estimates from the auction catalog and confirm that the objects were authentic. The staff members also became familiar with the Hopi belief system and built a database that would allow them to follow online the bidding on the objects they wanted. Mr. Weingarten approved a budget of $500,000 to $1 million to buy all 27 disputed Native American lots — the 24 masklike Hopi artifacts and three items of divine significance to the San Carlos Apache, also in Arizona. To do so he tapped into a discretionary fund set aside for individual projects.

“It was a leap-of-faith kind of moment for us,” said Leonard J. Aube, executive director of the foundation, which was founded by Walter H. Annenberg, the publisher, philanthropist and diplomat. “Not a lot of foundations are geared up for this kind of clandestine, late-night activity.”

At one point, the owner of the EVE auction house, Alain Leroy, said he had noticed that one phone bidder was grabbing up the disputed Hopi objects and told an employee to check into it. Reassured that the buyer had wired money ahead of time and was legitimate, he says he nonetheless grew frustrated and even muttered aloud that he hoped the secret bidder would “leave some for the others.”

Members of the Hopi tribe were also watching the sale online from Arizona. Unaware of the forces at work on their behalf, they said they became dispirited as item after item sold. Sam Tenakhongva, a cultural director for the Hopi, said when he turned off his lights at 2 a.m., he felt he was saying goodbye to the spirits embodied in the headdresses.

The foundation, however, had enjoyed marked success in the bidding. By the end of the auction, it had spent $530,695 and bought all but three of the 24 Hopi objects and the three other Apache artifacts that the foundation had sought.

And one of the three, a Hopi headdress featuring antelope antlers, had been bought by Mr. Servan-Schreiber on behalf of a couple, Marshall W. Parke, of the private equity firm Lexington Partners, and his wife, Véronique, who had instructed him to obtain what he could as a gift to the Hopis.

Mr. Servan-Schreiber said when it was his turn to bid, he took care to inform the foundation people, “so we wouldn’t start bidding against each other.”

The foundation lost out on only two items, both times, participants said, because of miscommunication. But they secured the auction’s priciest lot, a Hopi Crow Mother headdress that sold for $130,000. The event, which was over in a quick hour, generated $1.6 million in sales.

“It’s a good outcome for the Hopi but not the collectors, I suppose,” Mr. Leroy, the auction house owner, said of the foundation’s tally. The Hopi did not learn of their tribe’s good fortune until several hours later when the foundation sent an email alerting them to its clandestine purchases. Mr. Aube said the Annenberg Foundation, which focuses on civic and community projects, is consulting with the Hopi on how best to return the Katsinam.

The objects, surreal faces made from wood, leather, horsehair and feathers and painted in vivid reds, blues, yellows and oranges, cannot be encased in Bubble Wrap, for example, because it would be seen as suffocating the divine spirits. The Hopi have not identified their plans for these artifacts on their return, but they are not viewed as art objects or housed in museums. Typically, Katsinam are still used in spiritual ceremonies or are retired and left to disintegrate naturally.

For Mr. Tenakhongva, the fact that the Katsinam had to be bought and paid for, even by benefactors, was a bittersweet nod to the reality that some American Indian artifacts have become highly sought, expensive commodities.

“No one should have to buy back their sacred property,” he said. “But now at least they will be at home with us and they will go to rest.”

who.

“Michaelangelo was asked how he sculpted the magnificent classic statue of David. “I looked into the stone and saw David. Then I simply cleared away everything that wasn’t David.” Our work is exactly the same. We do not have to create who we are……we just need to discover what about our life is not who we are, and let it go.” – Alan Cohen

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Rawhide Mountain

http://www.summitpost.org/rawhide-mountain-nv/783754

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“Who am I?”….sincere, consistent inquiry into this most important question will eventually reveal that many of the things we identify with, are not who we are. When all of our illusions are peeled away, only divinity remains.”- Alan Cohen

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Ward Mountain

http://www.panoramio.com/photo/59905230

* * *

“Who are you? You are not your name, which could change.  Your identity goes far beyond your relationships. You are not your bank account, which rises and falls. You are not your house, from which you come and go. You are not your job, which is temporary.  You are not your emotions, which wax and wane.  You are not your religion, which is a mutable belief system. You are not your body…You are not even your thoughts, which vacillate and turn in all directions. If you are not any of these things that you commonly identify with, who are you? We are spiritual beings, and any other identity detracts from the majesty of our true essence.  Let go of false beliefs about yourself, that the true you may shine in all its splendor.” – Alan Cohen

* * *

desert.

“Everything that ever happened to me that was important happened in the desert.”  – Michael Ondaatje, The English Patient

* * *

Land Vernon AZ

http://www.landsofarizona.com/arizona/land-for-sale/50-acres-in-Apache-County-Arizona/id/1073650

* * *

 

“He’d always had a quickening of the heart when he crossed into Arizona and beheld the cactus country. This was as the desert should be, this was the desert of the picture books, with the land unrolled to the farthest distant horizon hills, with saguaro standing sentinel in their strange chessboard pattern, towering supinely above the fans of ocotillo and brushy mesquite.”  – Dorothy B. Hughes

* * *

near Pinetop AZ

http://www.city-data.com/picfilesv/picv27054.php

* * *

“The fire. The odor of burning juniper is the sweetest fragrance on the face of the earth, in my honest judgment; I doubt if all the smoking censers of Dante’s paradise could equal it. One breath of juniper smoke, like the perfume of sagebrush after rain, evokes in magical catalysis, like certain music, the space and light and clarity and piercing strangeness of the American West. Long may it burn.”  – Edward Abbey

* * *

 

National Parks: Shutting Down America’s Best Idea

Grand Canyon North Rim

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_-_North_Rim_Panorama_-_Sept_2004.jpg

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http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131002-national-parks-shutting-down-americas-best-idea/

National Parks: Shutting Down America’s Best Idea

The parks are essential to the country’s well-being.

A U.S. Park Police officer watches at left as a National Park Service
employee posts a sign on a barricade closing access to the Lincoln
Memorial in Washington, D.C. on Tuesday.

Kenneth Brower

National Geographic

Published October 2, 2013

Yesterday, as the U.S. government shut down, all 401 of our national
parks closed their gates. The campers and visitors inside were given
two days to leave. It was no great surprise.

We had gone to sleep the night before knowing that time had run out;
there would be no last-minute return to sanity in Congress, no daring
White House maneuver that might avert the shutdown. The sequester of
last March, with its closing of selected parks, national monuments,
and historical sites, had given us a preview and some degree of
preparation for bigger hits this time. Yet one word in my morning
paper stopped me in mid-paragraph and made me bristle: “nonessential.”

Of all federal endeavors deemed nonessential by the government, I
learned, the national parks are at the top of the list. Really? I
found myself questioning priorities. Many of the choices made in the
present crisis do make some sense: The military will not be
furloughed, nor will Social Security workers or air traffic
controllers. Some of the shutdowns are even to be celebrated, if you
happen to share my values: No new oil or gas leases will be contracted
on lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management, and IRS
offices are closing here and there around the country.

Mark Weekley, superintendent at the National Park Service’s Lewis and
Clark National Historical Trail, affixes the edges of a sign
proclaiming the facility closed due to the federal government
shutdown, in Omaha, Neb., on Tuesday.

There are gray areas in between, of course. Just now, in writing this,
I heard the postal van and walked down, as usual, to meet my mail
carrier on the driveway. I was glad to see her unfurloughed and losing
no pay. And yet. It was one of those junk-mail days, with not one
piece of actual correspondence, not a single letter addressed to me. I
walked the envelope of coupons from Valpak.com and the sales fliers
from Lucky, Safeway, Subway, and ADT Home Security straight to the
recycling bin. Was this sheaf of cheap print really more essential
than Yosemite, Yellowstone, Zion, Acadia, and Glacier Bay?

“The best idea we’ve ever had,” Wallace Stegner wrote of the park
system. Ken Burns, in making his documentary on the national parks,
recast the phrase as”America’s Best Idea.” Stegner, in his famous
“Wilderness Letter,” went on to make the best case for the wild
terrain that is the quintessential core of many of our national parks
and forests. “We simply need that wild country available to us,” he
concluded, “even if we never do more than drive to its edge and look
in. For it can be a means of reassuring ourselves of our sanity as
creatures, a part of the geography of hope.”

The national parks hold the landscapes that formed us as Americans.
The long vistas, the possibilities over the horizon, the purple
mountains’ majesty, distinguished our experience from that of the
Africans, Europeans, Asians, and islanders that we were before we
came. The national parks are where we go to renew contact with that
experience. Can there be a connection between the partisan hostility
of the moment, the governmental paralysis, and our loss of contact
with those roots? Is it possible we were not meant to live like canned
sardines?

It was in wilderness that we became Homo sapiens. Our evolution was
not in the Information Age, or the Space Age, or the Atomic, or the
Industrial. It came long before the invention of agriculture or fire.
We evolved as hunter-gatherers in the wild landscape of Mother Africa.
It is in wilderness that we meet ourselves face to face.

It is easy to take for granted what a remarkable creation the national
parks are, and what a great slice of Creation they contain. The
National Park System spans 82° of latitude, from Gates of the Arctic
National Park at 70° N, to American Samoa National Park at 12° S. It
spans 90° of longitude, from Katmai National Park on the Gulf of
Alaska (and American Samoa National Park 7,500 miles south on the same
meridian) to Virgin Islands National Park in the Caribbean. The
highest point in North America is the summit of Mount McKinley, at
20,320 feet in Denali National Park. The lowest is Badwater Basin, at
282 feet below sea level in Death Valley National Park. The coldest is
Mount McKinley, where in 2003 the wind chill reached minus 118.1
degrees Fahrenheit (47.8 degrees Celsius), a North American record.
The hottest is Death Valley, where at Furnace Creek, on July 10, 1913,
the temperature reached 134 degrees Fahrenheit (56.6 degrees Celsius).
Death Valley, no surprise, also scores as the driest, with just 1.8
inches (45.7 millimeters) of annual rainfall.

The tallest tree on Earth, the coastal redwood Sequoia sempervirens,
grows in Redwood National Park in California. The biggest, the
redwood’s inland cousin, the giant sequoia Sequoiadendron
giganteum—the most massive organism ever to live—grows in Kings
Canyon, Sequoia, and Yosemite National Parks. The longest cave system
on Earth lies in, or under, Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky.
The deepest lake in the United States, at 1,943 feet (592 meters),
fills the caldera of Crater Lake National Park. The tallest dunes in
North America, 750 feet (228.6 meters) from base to crest, march
across Great Sand Dunes National Park in Colorado.

The National Park System, expansive in space, also spans great gulfs
of time. A mile deep in Grand Canyon National Park, in the inner gorge
of the Colorado, the river has cut into a basement layer of rock 1.75
billion years old. A river-runner floats by walls of metavolcanic
Brahma Schist laid down when the highest form of life on Earth was
blue-green algae.

In Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, the rock is brand-new. Kilauea
Volcano, in the middle of the park, has been in continuous eruption
for the past 30 years. Shield your face against the heat of one of
Kilauea’s molten streams, dip the point of your geological hammer in,
and you will come away with a glowing gob of lava at the tip. In
seconds the glow fades. The gob blackens. In a minute it is cool
enough to touch. Newborn basalt.

The last of the tallgrass prairie, which once covered 140 million
acres of North America, is preserved at Tallgrass Prairie National
Preserve in Kansas. The largest stands of saguaro cactus are protected
at Organ Pipe National Monument and Saguaro National Park. The last
wild bison herds roam Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and Badlands
National Parks. Florida panthers, the last cougars in the eastern
United States, take refuge in Everglades National Park and two nearby
reserves. Big Bend National Park in Texas, Grand Canyon in Arizona,
and Noatak Natural Preserve in Alaska preserve the beauty and
integrity of the nation’s finest stream courses.

Manassas National Battlefield Park, Gettysburg National Park, Little
Bighorn National Monument, and dozens of National Historical Sites
(Jamestown, Andrew Johnson, Fort Bowie, Harpers Ferry, John Muir,
Truman, Martin Luther King Jr., Brown vs. Board of Education) preserve
American history.

Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (from the Archaic period of Pueblo
civilization), Chaco Culture Natural Historical Park (from the Pueblo
II period), Mesa Verde National Park (Pueblo III), and Pecos Natural
History Park (Pueblo IV), preserve American prehistory, as do
Petroglyph, Aztec Ruins, Montezumas Castle, Bandelier, Wupatki, Walnut
Camp, Navajo, Hovenweep, and assorted other national monuments.

Dinosaur National Monument in Utah, with its fossils of
Allosaurus,Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Stegosaurus, along with
Badlands National Park in South Dakota, with its fossils of rhinos,
horses, and saber-toothed cats, and Petrified Forest National Park in
Arizona, with its fossil cycads, extinct conifers, phytosaurs, and
crocodylomorphs, all preserve American pre-prehistory, the
paleontological record of our land.

The National Park System is, in so many ways, the measure of our place
and of ourselves. If anything good comes of the shutdown, it may be
that it gives us the opportunity to see how we like it without our
parks, and to see what they mean to us.

american nile.

River Notes: A Natural and Human History of the Colorado by Wade Davis, Island Press (October 17, 2012)

review:

“There is a lot in the 148 pages of text of RIVER NOTES. First, the book is an overview of the natural history of the Colorado River, a better overview or introduction than any other I know of. The relatively short discussion of the geological formation of the Colorado Plateau and the Colorado River is particularly fine. Second, it summarizes human occupation of the River, from the Anasazi to early European-American exploration and John Wesley Powell, to the Mormon settlers, to the dam-builders and canyon-destroyers.

This segues into the principle theme of the book, which is one of conservation, as is to be expected for something published by Island Press. Davis begins and ends his book with Aldo Leopold, and at times he gets a wee bit strident and arrogant, at least for my taste. (And he fails to discuss the biggest problem facing environmentalists and conservationists – namely, our exploding population.) In keeping with his characterization of the Colorado River as the “American Nile”, Davis concentrates his discussion of conservation to issues concerning the use of water in a desert. As he summarizes it, “we are living with nineteenth-century laws and values, twentieth-century infrastructure, and twenty-first-century water needs.” The core of the problem, however, is not so much Phoenix and Las Vegas and the like; rather, it is the sacred cow of American agricultural politics – namely, the cattle industry. “Indeed the entire water crisis in the American West essentially comes down to cows eating alfalfa in a landscape where neither really belongs.” (If you see the book in the bookstore, take a minute and read the two paragraphs on pages 142 and 143.)

Along the way there are occasional digressions from the central theme of the Colorado River, one of which struck me so forcefully that I quote it in full: “A native elder [of an American Indian tribe] once told me that there are only three questions in life. Who am I? Where do I come from? And where am I going? The clash of cultures in the wake of European settlement, he suggested, was devastating for native people not only because of the terrible impact of diseases, the violence of the frontier wars, but also because the dominance and religious certainty of the newcomers allowed them to tell Indian peoples of every nation that their answers to these fundamental questions were wrong and had been wrong for all of their histories.”

RIVER NOTES is written well and organized well. It is sprinkled with quotations from historical sources and conservation literature. There are three useful maps. A large part of the book consists of an account of rafting down the Colorado in 2006, interspersed with anecdotes drawn from John Wesley Powell’s pioneering trip down the river in 1869. At the end of the volume there is a well-conceived reading list for further reading about the Colorado River, conservation, and water problems in the American West. RIVER NOTES should appear on any similar reading lists over the next twenty or so years.” – R.M. Peterson

wonder.

“Most of us forget to take time for wonder, praise and gratitude until it is almost too late. Gratitude is a many-colored quality, reaching in all directions. It goes out for small things and for large; it is a God-ward going.” ― Faith Baldwin, Many Windows, Seasons of the Heart

* * *

Phantom Ranch

***

“Emotion is not simply an overplus of feeling; it is life lived at white-heat, a state of wonder. To lose wonder is to lose the true element of religion.” ― Oswald Chambers, The Pilgrim’s Songbook

***

ancient petroglyphs.

Oldest North American Rock Art May Be 14,800 Years Old

Nevada petroglyphs could date back to the first peopling of the Americas.

Non-invasive Examination

Benson said it might be possible to better pinpoint the age of the petroglyphs, but it would require sampling carbonate from inside the etchings themselves—something that he has agreed not to do.

Benson obtained permission to non-invasively examine the carvings from the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, which owns the land.

“One of the deals I made was that I would only work to the side of the glyphs, and not touch any of the glyphs themselves,” Benson said.

Mystery Artists

Prior to the new dating of the Lake Winnemucca petroglyphs, the oldest rock art in North America was thought to be carvings found at Long Lake in Oregon that date to roughly 7,300 years ago.

Benson says he doesn’t know what the symbols at Lake Winnemucca mean, or who might have made them, but he notes that their ages roughly match those of several pieces of fossilized human feces, or coprolites, that were discovered in Paisley Cave in Oregon and dated to around 14,400 to 13,000 years ago.

This date is close to when scientists think humans first began settling the Americas. In a new study published in this week’s issue of the journal of theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, scientists say they have found genetic evidence that a first wave of migrants crossed into the Americas from Asia about 15,000 to 18,000 years ago by slowly creeping down the continent’s coasts.

A few thousand years later, according to the study, a second wave of humans entered North America, this time by slipping across the Bering Strait into Alaska and then crossing through an ice-free corridor into Canada.

Benson speculated that members of the first wave of settlers might have been responsible for the Lake Winnemucca rock art.

“It’s possible that those people did occupy areas farther south, like the Lake Winnemucca area … [but] it is also possible that paleoindians occupying the Winnemucca Lake basin between 11,300 and 10,500 years ago carved the petroglyphs,” he said.

“At the moment we have no way to decide between the two possibilities.”

http://www.ibtimes.com/oldest-rock-carvings-north-america-confirmed-scientists-have-no-idea-what-petroglyphs-mean-photo

* * *

* * *